The abbreviation of the legal series usually appears as a number, followed by the short name of the series and ends with another number. A legal citation is a reference to a legal document such as case law, law, law review article, etc. Of course, legal citation in general and citation of specific cases can become much more complicated. The Bluebook Style Guide is used in the American legal profession to cite all relevant sources. In addition, the Chicago Manual of Style recommends its use for all citations of legal documents. The following is a summary of the basics. It`s worth noting that the Bluebook system is considerably complex in most of these points, but here`s the level of detail it recommends for a student`s basic needs, for example. CITES is an international agreement to which States and regional economic integration organizations voluntarily accede. States that have agreed to be bound by the Convention (CITES (“acceded”) are referred to as Contracting Parties. Although CITES is legally binding on contracting parties – that is, they must implement the convention – it does not replace national legislation. Rather, it provides a framework for each Party to adopt its own national legislation to ensure implementation of CITES at the national level. Most legal citations consist of the name of the document (case law, law, law review article), an abbreviation for the legal series, and the date. Typically, a correct legal citation informs the reader of a source`s authority, how strongly the source supports the author`s statement, its age, and other relevant information.
Here is an example of a citation from a U.S. Supreme Court case: During a court case, “legal citation analysis,” i.e., the use of a citation analysis technique to analyze legal documents, facilitates a better understanding of interrelated legal compliance documents by reviewing citations, aligning provisions with other provisions of the same document, or between different documents. Legal citation analysis involves the use of a citation table extracted from a regulatory document that could complement e-evidence – a process that takes advantage of technological innovations in big data analysis. [1] [2] [3] [4] Main path analysis, a method that plots the chains of meaningful quotes in a citation graph, can be used to track changes in opinion over the years for a target legal area. [5] The page number in a case citation is the page where that case begins in the source. If you want to refer to both a specific page and the overall case, separate that page reference with a comma. For example, if your reference is a case that starts on page 100 of your source, but you specifically want to refer to a six-page statement, the page number in your citation would be “100, 106.” This quote gives the reader useful information about the cited authority. CITES was drafted following a resolution adopted at a meeting of IUCN (World Conservation Union) members in 1963. The text of the Convention was finally approved at a meeting of representatives of 80 countries in Washington, D.C., United States of America, on 3 March 1973, and CITES entered into force on 1 July 1975. The original of the Convention has been deposited with the Depositary Government in the English, French and Spanish languages, each of these texts being equally authentic. The convention is also available in Chinese and Russian. Amendment 1 to S.B.
459. 42. Leg., 1. Sess. § 2 (N.M. 1995). The widespread information today about the endangered status of many prominent species, such as tigers and elephants, may make the need for such a convention obvious. But by the time ideas for CITES emerged in the 1960s, the international debate on regulating wildlife trade for conservation purposes was something relatively new. In retrospect, the need for CITES is obvious. Each year, international wildlife trade is estimated at billions of dollars and includes hundreds of millions of plant and animal specimens.
Trade is diverse, ranging from live animals and plants to a variety of wildlife products derived from them, including food, exotic leather goods, wooden musical instruments, wood, tourist curiosities, and medicines. The exploitation of some animal and plant species is high and their trade, as well as other factors such as habitat loss, can severely decimate their populations and even threaten some species with extinction. Many traded wildlife species are not threatened, but the existence of an agreement to ensure the sustainability of trade is important to protect these resources in the future. If the Act has been repealed or amended, indicate this fact and the year in which it occurred in parentheses at the end of the quotation if the Act was repealed or amended. You can also add additional information in the same way. Utah Crim. Code § 76-7-104 (1973) (repealed in 2019). If you cite a specific point in the case, you can use only that page number and delete the page where the case begins. If you are still citing the case as a whole, keep the page number on which the case begins.
Legal citation is the practice of attributing and referring to authoritative documents and sources. The most frequently cited sources of authority are judicial decisions (cases), laws, regulations, government documents, contracts, and academic writings. Below are links to online guides and information on how to access the Bluebook. If the entire Constitution is no longer in force, add to the citation the date the Constitution was originally adopted, as follows: If you are quoting the Constitution of a government entity, use the short title of the Constitution, and then indicate to which subdivision of this document you are referring. Here are some useful abbreviations for these divisions: If you are quoting a section of this Constitution that has since been amended or repealed, note the date in parentheses at the end of the quotation, for example, Student Protection Act, H.R. 2625, 113th Cong. § 3 (2013). The summoning of a court case requires the following: CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) is an international agreement between governments. The aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild fauna and flora does not jeopardise their survival. For example: Morse v. Frederick, 551 U.S.
393 (2007) is a citation from a Supreme Court case found in volume 551 of the United States Reports (U.S.) beginning at page 393. State laws follow a similar structure, but where possible, it is sufficient to cite the appropriate section of the code. It should also be noted that, depending on the document, underlining can be replaced by italics and vice versa – provided one of them is consistent. Once you have quoted a particular authority in its entirety, you can then use a short quote. The specific content of a short quote is flexible, but varies depending on the type of authority cited. Acceptable short forms for a particular citation are covered in each entry. A number of U.S. states have adopted individual standards for public domain citations. [10] This quote is very similar to the citation in the Court`s opinion. The two main differences are the citation of the pin, page 527 here, and the addition of the names of the dissenting judges in parentheses after the date of the case. Title of the law, document number, term # Legislative body, session number § Number (year of state).
If possible, set the title of the constitution to small caps. Subdivisions should then be listed separated by commas, in descending order of size. In the abbreviated form of a case, you are free to shorten the name of the case to the first part or even to an abbreviated form of that party`s title. However, if the first party is a State entity, geographical entity or other such creation, this quotation may not be useful. (Because there are so many cases where the first party is the United States, for example. The fact that the government cites a case name like “United States” does not limit it enough to be useful). In these cases, quote with the name of the second part instead. Some countries have a de facto citation standard that has been adopted by most institutions in the country.
Title: Committee Hearing on Bill, Mandate and Session Page numbers (year) (first name, last name, title). Guano Islands Act, 48 U.S.C. c. 8 §§1411-12 (2012). As wildlife trade crosses borders between countries, regulations to regulate it require international cooperation to protect certain species from overfishing. CITES was designed in the spirit of such cooperation. Today, it offers various protections to more than 37,000 animal and plant species, whether they are marketed as live specimens, fur coats or dried herbs. Protecting America`s Crop: H.R. 2414 Hearing before H. Subcomm. on immigration, citizenship, refugees, border security and international law, 111th Cong (2010) (statement by Stephen Colbert, host, The Colbert Report, Comedy Central Studios) Brief citations for statutes should include the section number as well as the minimum information necessary to determine which of the previously cited authorities the citation refers to.